Greek Music | Tarih bilimi-Tarihin tarihi- Heredotos,Thukydides,Plutarkhos,Sezar,Polybios,Tac itus, | Loreena McKennitt - An Ancient Muse | Antik çağda iktisadi düşünce - Ancient economic thought | Thebai kenti Asopos ırmağının kuzeyinde -Theban-Thebes city in Ancient Egypt located |

Yunan tarihçisi (Atina, İ.Ö. 465'e doğru - İ.Ö. 400-395 arası). Trakya'da altın madenlerine sahip zengin bir aileden gelen Thukydides, Atinalı komutanlardan Kimonlann akrabasıydı. Gorgias ve Antiphon gibi hatiplerin etkisini taşıyan klasik bir eğitim gördükten sonra döneminin siyasal ve diplomatik yaşamına katıldı, Peloponnesos savaşı (İ.Ö. 431- İ.Ö. 404) boyunca etkili oldu ve İ.Ö. 424'te strategos seçildi. Amphipolis'in alınmasından sorumlu tutularak kısa süre sonra sürgüne gönderilen Thukydides, İ.Ö. 423'ten İ.Ö. 404'e kadar (bu tarihte Atina'ya döndü) Trakya'da yaşadı, birçok geziye çıktı ve sekiz kitaptan oluşan Peloponnesos Savaşları Tarihi adlı yapıtını bu sırada yazmaya başladı.
Yazarın, yöntemini açıkladığı bir önsözle başlayan bu yapıtta,daha sonra başlangıcından beri Yunan tarihinin gelişmesinin anlatıldığı bir bölüm gelir (i. Kitap). Atinalılar ve Ispartahlar arasındaki kardeş kavgasının anlatü-ması üç evrede gelişir: Nikias barışına kadar (i. Kitap'tan V. Kitap'a kadar); Sicilya seferi (VI. ve VII. Kitaplar); 411'e kadar çeşitli harekâtlar (VIII. Kitap).
Aşağı yukarı Herodotos'un çağdaşı olan Thukydides'in tarih anlayışı ve yöntemleri açık biçimde Herodotos' unkilerden yeni ve farklıdır. Olağanüstü olayları ve her şeyi tanrısal nedenlere dayandıran açıklamaları bir yana iten Thukydides, daha çok savaş mekanizmasını ayrıntılarıyla incelemeye, savaşın patlak vermesinin nedenlerini ve çok sayıdaki beklenmedik olayları anlamaya çalışır. Doğrudan doğruya iktisadi nedenleri hesaba katmamasına karşılık, Atina emperyalizmi konusundaki incelemesi günümüzde hâlâ tarihçilerin beğenisini kazanmaktadır. Thukydides bu incelemesinde bütünüyle yansız değildir (sürgüne gönderilmesine karşılık Thukydides Atinalı kalmıştır ve ılımlı aristokratlardan yana olduğunu açıklar), tutkularına dayanarak açıklamalarda bulunur. Kesin bir kronoloji, yalnızca özel anılarının değil, aynı zamanda kanıtların, kesin, çeşitli belgelerin kullanılması tarihsel yönteminin temellerini oluşturur. Thukydides'in yapıtı aynı zamanda bir sanat yapıtıdır; gerçekten de bu yapıtın yalın ama belli yapıyı izleyen kurgusu, bir yandan yoğun ve güçlü anlatılar, bir yandan da hitabet sanatının ortaya çıktığı söylevler çevresinde düzenlenmiştir. Bu son açıklama, sunuş yöntemi, Thukydides'e hem insanları hem de onların siyasal programlarını canlı bir biçimde sunma olanağı tanımıştır.
Thukydides, tarihçi olarak yalnızca kısa yargılamalar biçiminde olaya müdahale eder; böylece daha önce anlatmış olduğu olayların anlamı ortaya çıkmış olur.
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Thucydides (c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC) (Greek Θουκυδίδης, Thoukudídēs) was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War and , which recounts the 5th century BC war between SpartaAthens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been regarded as the father of "scientific history" because of his strict standards of gathering evidence and his analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods.[1] He has also been considered the father of the school of political realism, which views the relations between nations as based on might rather than right.[2] His classic text is still studied at advanced military colleges worldwide. More generally, he shows an interest in developing an understanding of human nature to explain human behavior in such crises as plague and civil war. Other scholars lay greater emphasis on the History’s elaborate literary artistry and the powerful rhetoric of its speeches and insist that its author exploited non-"scientific" literary genres no less than newer, rationalistic modes of explanation.

Thucydides versus Herodotus

Thucydides and his immediate predecessor Herodotus both exerted a significant influence on Western history writing. Thucydides does not mention Herodotus by name but his famous introductory statement “ To hear this history rehearsed, for that there be inserted in it no fables, shall be perhaps not delightful. But he that desires to look into the truth of things done, and which (according to the condition of humanity) may be done again, or at least their like, he shall find enough herein to make him think it profitable. And it is compiled rather for an everlasting possession, than to be rehearsed for a prize. ” is thought to refer to him (translation by Thomas Hobbes). Herodotus records in his Histories not only the events of the Persian Wars but also geographical and ethnographical information, as well as miraculous and mythical stories ("fables") related to him during his extensive travels. If confronted with conflicting or unlikely accounts he leaves it to the reader to decide what to believe. The work of Herodotus is reported to have been read ("rehearsed") at festivals where prizes were awarded, such as the one at Olympia. Herodotus views history as a source of moral lessons, with conflicts and wars flowing from initial acts of injustice that propagate through cycles of revenge. In contrast, Thucydides claims to confine himself to factual reports of contemporary political and military events, based on unambiguous, first-hand, eye-witness accounts , though - unlike Herodotus - he actually does not reveal his sources. Thucydides views life exclusively as political life and history in terms of political history. Morality plays no role in the analysis of political events while geographic and ethnographic aspects are, at best, of secondary importance.
Thucydides was held up as the model of a truthful historian by subsequent Greek historians like Ctesias, Diodorus, Strabo, Polybius, and Plutarch. Lucian refers to Thucydides as having given Greek historians their law, requiring them to say what had been done (ὡς ἐπράχθη). Greek historians of the 4th century BC accepted that history was political history and that contemporary history was the proper domain of a historian though, unlike Thucydides, they continued to view history as a source of moral lessons. Some of them wrote pamphlets denigrating Herodotus, known to them as the 'father of lies', though the Roman politician and writer Cicero does call Herodotus the "father of history."
Thucydides and Herodotus were largely forgotten during the Middle Ages but Herodotus became a very respected author in the 16th and 17th century, in part because of the discovery of America, where customs and animals were encountered even more surprising than those related by Herodotus, and in part because of the Reformation when the Histories provided a basis for establishing a biblical chronology, as advocated by Isaac Newton. Even during the Renaissance, Thucydides attracted less interest among historians than his successor Polybius. However, though Niccolò Machiavelli, the 16th century Florentine political philosopher who wrote Il Principe (The Prince), in which he held that the sole aim of a prince (politician) was to seek power regardless of religious or ethical considerations, does not mention Thucydides very much, later authors have noted a close affinity between them.In the 17th century, the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes, the author of an influential book, Leviathan, that advocated highly authoritarian systems of government, was an admirer of Thucydides and wrote an important translation of Thucydides in 1628. Thucydides, Hobbes, and Machiavelli are together considered as founding fathers of the school of political realism, according to which states are primarily motivated by the desire for military and economic power or security, rather than ideals or ethics.
The reputation of Thucydides greatly revived in the 19th century. A Thucydides cult developed among German philosophers such as Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich Schlegel, and Friedrich Nietzsche who stated: "in him [Thucydides], the portrayer of man, that culture of the most impartial knowledge of the world finds its last glorious flower." Among leading historians, such as Eduard Meyer, Macaulay, and Leopold von Ranke who developed modern source-based history writing, Thucydides was again the model historian. They valued in particular the philosophical and artistic component of his work. However, the reputation of Herodotus was high as well among German historians: the history of civilization was increasingly viewed as complementary to political history.
In the 20th century, a different mode of historiography was pioneered by Johan Huizinga, Marc Bloch, and Braudel that was no longer inspired by Thucydides. Instead, it emphasized the study of long term cultural and economic developments, and the patterns of everyday life, over that of political history. The Annales School, which represents this direction, has been viewed as extending the tradition of Herodotus . At the same time, the influence of Thucydides became increasingly prominent in the area of international relations through the work of Hans Morgenthau, Leo Strauss and Edward Carr. The tension between the Thucydidean and Herodotean traditions extends beyond historical research. According to Irving Kristol, considered to be the founder of American Neoconservatism, Thucydides wrote "the favorite neoconservative text on foreign affairs," and Thucydides is a required text at the Naval War College. On the other hand, author and labor lawyer Thomas Geoghegan recommends Herodotus as a better source than Thucydides for drawing historical lessons relevant for the present.

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