Bütün zaman ayarları WEZ +2 olarak düzenlenmiştir. Şu anki saat: 
Effects of a Neem Sample on Protein Patterns of Bactrocera cucurbitae 
Ivy Brushes Sample | Skull Patterns brush | Fotoğrafa Vektör Etkisi Verme - Vector Effects | Yağı azaltan protein | Protein haritamız çıkarılıyor |
Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) adults were reared with 5% honey solution, sugar, and protein-hydrolysate. Females were provided to lay eggs on larval rearing media in a bottle gourd. Twenty third-instar larvae of the same size and age were exposed to filter papers treated with varying doses of a neem sample in 90 mm diameter petri dishes for 24 h. A probit-mortality curve was drawn to determine the LC50 of the sample. LC50 dose of the sample was calculated as 5.6%. Thin layer chromatography was used to determine the effects of neem sample on the protein patterns of the treated insect. The Rf-values of separated proteins (peptides) were determined and compared to those of the untreated control.
Introduction
With their ability for rapid distribution, high rate of reproduction, vast range of host plants, and good ecological adaptability, fruit flies are posing a large problem all over the globe. They are a big menace in vegetable and fruit production (Vargas and Carey, 1990; Khan et al., 1999). İn Pakistan, fruit flies cause a loss of around 7 million Rupees to growers, annually (Khan et al., 1999).
The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is distributed widely in temperate, tropical, and sub-tropical regions of the world. İt has been reported to damage 81 host plants and is a major pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables. The extent of losses varies between 30% and 100%, depending on the cucurbit species and season. İts abundance increases when the temperature falls below 32 °C and the relative humidity ranges between 60% and 70% (Dhillon et al., 2005).
Fruit flies lay eggs inside the fruits, and upon hatching larvae start feeding on the pulp, thus rendering them unfit for human consumption. Once egg laying has taken place, chemical eradication becomes difficult. Therefore, flies can only be controlled either at the adult stage when they start hovering over the vegetation or just before pupation when the third-instar larvae come out of the infested fruit and are about to enter the soil for pupation (Agarwal et al., 1987).
Almost all the parts of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica (A.Juss), have some biologically deterrent activity against many insect pest species. Nevertheless, neem fruits have been proven to be the tree's main agent for combating pest insects (BOSTİD, 1992; Schmutterer, 1995). Moreover, resistance does not develop in insects against neem (Vollinger, 1987, 1992, 1995; Naqvi and Tabassum, 1992). Many neem extracts were reported to have pesticidal activity (Naqvi, 1996). Naqvi et al. (1996a) reported LD50 as 0.6 and 0.64 pg/mg media against the melon fly B. cucurbitae for RB-b and RB-a neem extracts, respectively. The LC50 of RB-a (neem extract) by contact method on impregnated filter paper has been reported as 0.01% (Yasmin et al., 1995) and RB-b (neem extract) by feeding method has been reported as 17 pg/ml food (Khan et al., 2007) against fruit fly adults (Drosophila sp.).
Since most fruit fly infestations occur on commodities that are consumed without cooking, pesticide spray hazards remain an important concern. Therefore, use of a safe controlling strategy is of prime importance. Hence, it was aimed to test a neem sample against fruit flies as an alternate to synthetic pesticides. It is well known that fruit fly larvae drop to the ground and pupate inside the earth; therefore, if the earth is treated underneath the plant canopy, the next generation could be checked by the reduction in the third-instar larvae pupating phase. In this study, third-instar B. cucurbitae larvae were treated with a neem sample and its effects on protein patterns were studied.
With their ability for rapid distribution, high rate of reproduction, vast range of host plants, and good ecological adaptability, fruit flies are posing a large problem all over the globe. They are a big menace in vegetable and fruit production (Vargas and Carey, 1990; Khan et al., 1999). İn Pakistan, fruit flies cause a loss of around 7 million Rupees to growers, annually (Khan et al., 1999).
The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is distributed widely in temperate, tropical, and sub-tropical regions of the world. İt has been reported to damage 81 host plants and is a major pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables. The extent of losses varies between 30% and 100%, depending on the cucurbit species and season. İts abundance increases when the temperature falls below 32 °C and the relative humidity ranges between 60% and 70% (Dhillon et al., 2005).
Fruit flies lay eggs inside the fruits, and upon hatching larvae start feeding on the pulp, thus rendering them unfit for human consumption. Once egg laying has taken place, chemical eradication becomes difficult. Therefore, flies can only be controlled either at the adult stage when they start hovering over the vegetation or just before pupation when the third-instar larvae come out of the infested fruit and are about to enter the soil for pupation (Agarwal et al., 1987).
Almost all the parts of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica (A.Juss), have some biologically deterrent activity against many insect pest species. Nevertheless, neem fruits have been proven to be the tree's main agent for combating pest insects (BOSTİD, 1992; Schmutterer, 1995). Moreover, resistance does not develop in insects against neem (Vollinger, 1987, 1992, 1995; Naqvi and Tabassum, 1992). Many neem extracts were reported to have pesticidal activity (Naqvi, 1996). Naqvi et al. (1996a) reported LD50 as 0.6 and 0.64 pg/mg media against the melon fly B. cucurbitae for RB-b and RB-a neem extracts, respectively. The LC50 of RB-a (neem extract) by contact method on impregnated filter paper has been reported as 0.01% (Yasmin et al., 1995) and RB-b (neem extract) by feeding method has been reported as 17 pg/ml food (Khan et al., 2007) against fruit fly adults (Drosophila sp.).
Since most fruit fly infestations occur on commodities that are consumed without cooking, pesticide spray hazards remain an important concern. Therefore, use of a safe controlling strategy is of prime importance. Hence, it was aimed to test a neem sample against fruit flies as an alternate to synthetic pesticides. It is well known that fruit fly larvae drop to the ground and pupate inside the earth; therefore, if the earth is treated underneath the plant canopy, the next generation could be checked by the reduction in the third-instar larvae pupating phase. In this study, third-instar B. cucurbitae larvae were treated with a neem sample and its effects on protein patterns were studied.
Normal
